Individual Details
James "King of Scotland, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick" Stewart
(25 Jul 1394 - 21 Feb 1437)
[[Category:House of Stewart]]
[[Category:Dukes of Rothesay]]
[[Category: Prisoners of the Tower of London]]
[[Category: This Day In History February 21]]
[[Category: 15th Century]]
}
----
}
----
}
}
----
== James I of Scotland==
* 04 Apr 1406: King of Scotland
: crowned 2 May 1424 Scone Abbey
* 10 Dec 1404: Earl of Carrick
* 10 Dec 1404: Duke of Rothesay
===Vitals===
: James I Stewart, King of Scotland: CNTC Angela Lady Buchan Hepburn of Smeaton and Hepburn. Obtained digital photo in Lady Hepburn's house (Grander's Cottage) July 2009. hand written; Descent of Sir Archibald banister Buchan-Hepburn of Smeaton - hepburn near Prestonkirk and letham Houseco. Haddington, Baronet from henry III and Edward III, Kings of England and james II of Scotland;
: b. 25 July or De 1394 Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland
: d. 21 Feb 1437 age 42 Monastry of the Friars Preachers, Perth, Perthshire, Scotland
: Burial: Perth, Perthshire, Scotland
===Early Life===
: p. [[Stewart-972|Robert III Stewart, King of Scotland]]
: second son and [[Drummond-49|Annabell Drummond]].
===Family===
: m. Joan Beaufort, daughter of Sir John de Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and Margaret de Holand 2 Feb 1423/24 Priory Church, St. Mary Overy, Southwark, London.
: One source says he married Joanna in 1438 at St. Andrews, Fifeshire.
Issue: 2 sons and 6 dau.
===Timeline===
: 1405/6: taken prisoner by the English sailing to France shortly before death of his father, ROBERT III. Held for ransom, mainly in the Tower of London, until 5 Apr 1424.
: imprisoned in tower 19 yr
: During exile, Scotland was governed by his uncle Robert, Duke of Albany until his death (1420); then by Robert's son, Murdoch.
: 25 May 1425: James took revenge and executed Murdoch and two of his kinsmen outside Stirling Castle.
: 21 Feb 1437: murdered by family members at Blackfriars Monastery in dispute over throne.: Either by his uncle Walter, Earl of Athol (Paget), or Sir Robert Graham (Collins Gem Guide). He was succeeded by his sole surviving son, James II.
=== Links ===
* [http://www.thepeerage.com/p10211.htm#i102105 ThePeerage.com]
* [[Wikipedia: James I of Scotland]]
* [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#_Toc253996206 Medieval Lands fmg.ac]
* [http://our-royal-titled-noble-and-commoner-ancestors.com/p113.htm#i3404 Marlyn Lewis].
===Footnotes===
----: Edited for Jan 2014 [http://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Acknowledgements Style Standards]. Gedcoms in Changes.
''This profile is a collaborative work-in-progress. Can you contribute information or sources?''
== Sources ==
* '''Royal Ancestry D. Richardson 2013 Vol. I p. 656'''
* '''Royal Ancestry D. Richardson 2013 Vol. IV p. 647''
See also:
* ''Add [[sources]] here.''
-- MERGED NOTE ------------
King of Scots, 35th King of Scots, King of Scotland
other possible birth dates;
10 December 1394
30 December 1394
==================================================================================
"James I, King of Scots (25 July 1394 – 21 February 1437), was the youngest of three sons of King Robert III and Annabella Drummond and was born probably in late July 1394 in Dunfermline Palace. By the time he was eight years old, both of his elder brothers were dead—Robert had died in infancy, and David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, died suspiciously in Falkland Castle while being detained by his uncle, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany. Although parliament exonerated Albany, fears for James's safety grew during the winter of 1405–6 and plans were made to send him to France. In February 1406, James and nobles close to his father clashed with supporters of Archibald, 4th Earl of Douglas, forcing the prince to take refuge on the Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth. He remained there until mid-March, when he boarded a vessel bound for France, but while off the English coast, pirates captured the ship on 22 March and delivered James to Henry IV of England. A few days later, on 4 April Robert III died, and the 12-year-old uncrowned King of Scots began his 18-year detention.
James was given a good education at the English court, where he developed respect for English methods of governance and for Henry V to the extent that he served in the English army against the French during 1420–1. Murdoch Stewart, James's cousin and Albany's son, a captive in England since 1402 was traded for Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland in 1416. Eight more years passed before James was ransomed by which time Murdoch had succeeded his father to the dukedom and the governorship of Scotland. James married Joan Beaufort, daughter of the Earl of Somerset in February 1424 shortly before his release in April when they journeyed to Scotland. It was not altogether a popular re-entry to Scottish affairs, since James had fought on behalf of Henry V and at times against Scottish forces in France. Additionally, his £40,000 ransom meant increased taxes to cover the repayments and the detention of Scottish nobles as collateral. Despite this, James also held qualities that were admired. The contemporary Scotichronicon by Walter Bower described James as excelling at sport and appreciative of literature and music. Unlike his father and grandfather he did not take mistresses, but had many children by his consort, Queen Joan. The king had a strong desire to impose law and order on his subjects, but applied it selectively at times.
To bolster his authority and secure the position of the crown, James launched pre-emptive attacks on some of his nobles beginning in 1425 with his close relatives the Albany Stewarts that resulted in the execution of Duke Murdoch. In 1428 James detained Alexander, Lord of the Isles, while attending a parliament in Inverness. Archibald, 5th Earl of Douglas, was arrested in 1431, followed by George, Earl of March, in 1434. The plight of the ransom hostages held in England was ignored and the repayment money was diverted into the construction of Linlithgow Palace and other grandiose schemes.
In August 1436, James failed humiliatingly in his siege of Roxburgh Castle and then faced an ineffective attempt by Sir Robert Graham to arrest him at a general council. James was murdered at Perth on the night of 20–1 February 1437 in a failed coup by his uncle and former ally Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl. Queen Joan, although wounded, escaped to the safety of Edinburgh Castle, where she was reunited with her son James II."
=================================================================================
Wikipedia links:
[http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7 العربية],
[http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_I_%28%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%29 Български],
[http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_I._Skotsk%C3%BD Česky],
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_I._%28Schottland%29 Deutsch],
[http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82 Ελληνικά],
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland English],
[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_I_de_Escocia Español],
[http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_I_%28Skotlanti%29 Suomi],
[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ier_d%27%C3%89cosse Français],
[http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93 עברית],
[http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Jakab_sk%C3%B3t_kir%C3%A1ly Magyar],
[http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_1._Skotakonungur Íslenska],
[http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_I_di_Scozia Italiano],
[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA1%E4%B8%96_%28%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B%29 日本語],
[http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_I_van_Schotland Nederlands],
[http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_I_av_Skottland Norsk bokmål],
[http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_I_%28kr%C3%B3l_Szkocji%29 Polski],
[http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_I_da_Esc%C3%B3cia Português],
[http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacob_I_al_Sco%C8%9Biei Română],
[http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_I_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8%29 Русский],
[http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_I_av_Skottland Svenska],
[http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C ไทย],
[http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_I_%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97%29 Українська],
[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_%28%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%29 中文]
=================================================================================
other links:
http://www.britroyals.com/scots.asp?id=james1_scot
http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=9393967
http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=1461
http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I331&tree=EuropeRoyalNobleHous
http://histfam.familysearch.org/getperson.php?personID=I6191&tree=Nixon
http://www.nndb.com/people/765/000101462/
http://thepeerage.com/p10211.htm#i102105
=================================================================================
Citations / Sources:
[S6] G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume II, pages 238, 378. Hereinafter cited as The Complete Peerage.
[S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), pages 230, 232. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Families.
[S20] Magna Carta Ancestry: A study in Colonial and Medieval Families, Richardson, Douglas, (Kimball G. Everingham, editor. 2nd edition, 2011), vol. 3 p. 568, 577.
[S21] #226 The Peerage of Scotland: Containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of That Kingdom, from Their Origin to the Present Generation (2nd edition, 1813), Douglas, Sir Robert, (2nd edition. 2 volumes. Edinburgh: A. Constable, 1813 NOTE: Caution should be taken with this peerage, and compared with other peerages to obtain accurate information about the families. Some of the lineages are confused, but can be used for supplemental information.), FHL book Q 941 D22d; FHL microfilm 1,440,956 items., vol. 1 p. 50.
[S22] #374 The Lineage and Ancestry of H. R. H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (1977), Paget, Gerald, (2 volumes. Baltimore: Geneal. Pub., 1977), FHL book Q 942 D22pg., vol. 1 p. 23.
[S323] Sir James Balfour Paul, The Scots Peerage: founded on Wood's edition of Sir Robert Douglas's The Peerage of Scotland (Edinburgh, Scotland: David Douglas, 1904), volume I, pages 18-19. Hereinafter cited as The Scots Peerage.
--------------------
http://www.geni.com/family-tree/index/6000000038819867033#6000000038820346855
Line 354 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
NAME James I King Of /SCOTLAND/
From Ancestral File (TM), data as of 2 January 1996.
Line 719 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
MARR PLAC St. Mary, Overy, Southwark, Surrey, England
Line 218 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
NAME James I King Of /SCOTLAND/
From Ancestral File (TM), data as of 2 January 1996.
Line 1333 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
MARR PLAC St. Mary, Overy, Southwark, Surrey, England
James I (December 10, 1394 – February 21, 1437) was nominal King of Scots from April 4, 1406, and reigning King of Scots from May 1424 until February 21, 1437.
Born on December 10, 1394, the son of Robert III and Annabella Drummond, he had an eventful childhood. In 1402 his elder brother, David, starved to death in prison at Falkland in Fife.
Children with Joan Beaufort
Margaret Stewart, Princess of Scotland (1424-1445) married Louis XI of France
Isabella Stewart, Princess of Scotland (1426-1494) married Francis I, Duke of Brittany
Eleanor Stewart, Princess of Scotland (1433-1484) married Sigismund, Archduke of Austria
Mary of Scotland, Countess of Buchan died 1465 married Wolfart VI van Borsselen
Joan of Scotland, Countess of Morton (c. 1428-1486) married James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton
James II of Scotland (1430-1460)
Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (born and died 1430); Twin of James
Annabella Stewart, Princess of Scotland married and divorced 1. Louis of Savoy, and then married and divorced 2. George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly.
James I, King Of Scotland
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=ca2810ab-a8c1-4c6b-9b69-dd87207c3076&tid=11063440&pid=-342455611
King James Stewart I and Queen Joan Beaufort of Scotland
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=232e2b41-91c3-44c3-aff5-5c8518427fb6&tid=11063440&pid=-342455611
The Captive King of Scots
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=da039a0a-a28b-4079-8996-801748ff27b5&tid=822673&pid=-1378592684
James_I_of_Scotland
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=2538c045-384c-4d06-8a83-21ab07fe4e45&tid=822673&pid=-1378592684
BIOGRAPHY
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=481c8d18-573a-4f03-b557-450dca274485&tid=822673&pid=-1378592684
info: Name: James_I Stewart Title: King Sex: M Birth: Dec 1394 in Dumferline,Fifeshire,,Scotland Death: 21 Feb 1436/37 in Perth,Perthshire,,Scotland Note: *????????able b low*********GEN: James was taken prisoner by the English on his voyage from Scotland to France in 1405, and sent to the tower of London, whereGEN: he remained in captivity till 1424. In that year he returned to Scotland but was murdered by his Uncle Walter, Earl of AthollGEN: at Perth DEATH: murderedAlias: Black Knight
Name: James Stewart Title: I King of Scotland Sex: M Birth: DEC 1394 in Dunfermline Castle,Fife,Scotland Death: 21 FEB 1437 in Monstery of the Friars Preachers,Perth,Scotland Burial: Perth Note: King of Scotland 2 May 1424 Father: John Stewart b: 1337 Mother: Annabel Drummond b: ABT 1350Marriage 1 Joan Beaufort
Married: 2 FEB 1423 in St Mary Ovary,Southwerk
Children
Johanna Stewart
HELD CAPTIVE IN ENGLAND 1406-1424; KING OF SCOTLAND 1424-1437; KILLED
James I (December 10, 1394 February 21, 1437) reigned as king of Scotland from April 4, 1406 until February 21, 1437. However, from 1406 to 1424 he was king in name only.
He was born on December 10, 1394, the son of Robert III and Annabella Drummond. He had an eventful childhood. In 1402 his elder brother, David, starved to death in prison at Falkland in Fife. Before the death of his father in 1406 the authorities sent James to France for safety.
On the voyage to France, the English captured the young prince and handed him over to Henry IV of England, who imprisoned him and demanded a ransom. Robert III allegedly died from grief over the capture of James. James's uncle, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, who became Regent on the death of Robert III, showed no haste in paying for his nephew's release. Albany secured the release of his own son Murdoch, captured at the same time, but not so with James. So for the next 18 years James remained a prisoner/hostage in England. Henry IV had the young Scots King imprisoned and educated in Windsor Castle and in secure large country houses near London.
After the death of James's uncle in 1420, the Scots finally paid the ransom of £40,000, and in 1424 James returned to Scotland to find a country in chaos. He took his bride with him he had met and fallen in love with Joan Beaufort, a cousin of King Henry VI of England, while imprisoned. He married her in London in February 2, 1423. They would have eight children, including the future James II of Scotland, and Margaret, wife of Louis XI of France. Scholars believe that during his captivity James wrote The Kingis Quair, an allegorical romance, one of the earliest major works of Scottish literature extent.
James was formally crowned King of Scotland at Scone Abbey, Perthshire, on May 2 or 21, 1424. He immediately took strong actions to regain authority and control. In one such action he had the Albany family, who had opposed his actions, executed. The execution of Murdoch, Duke of Albany, and two of Murdoch's sons took place on May 24, 1425 at Castle Hill, Stirling.
James proceeded to rule Scotland with a firm hand, and achieved numerous financial and legal reforms. For instance, for the purpose of trade with other nations, he made Scots coinage exchangeable for foreign currency only within Scottish borders. He also tried to remodel the Parliament of Scotland along English lines. However, in foreign policy, he renewed the Auld Alliance, a Scottish-French (and therefore anti-English) alliance, in 1428.
His actions throughout his reign, though effective, upset many people. During the later years of his reign, they helped to lead to his claim to the throne coming under question.
James I's grandfather, Robert II, had married twice and the awkward circumstances of the first marriage (the one with James's grandmother Elizabeth Mure) led some to dispute its validity. Conflict broke out between the descendants of the first marriage and the unquestionably legitimate descendants of the second marriage over who had the better right to the Scottish throne. Matters came to a head on February 21, 1437, when a group of Scots led by Sir Robert Graham assassinated James at the Friars Preachers Monastery in Perth. He attempted to escape his assailants through a sewer. However, three days previously, he had had the other end of the drain blocked up because of its connection to the tennis court outside, balls habitually got lost in it. (See also: Catherine Douglas.)
A wave of executions followed in March, 1437, of those who had participated in the plot. The authorities executed (among others) James's uncle, Walter, Earl of Atholl, and Atholl's grandson, Robert, Master of Atholl - both of them descended from Robert II's second marriage
James I
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=8f23878e-cbd7-4b28-b790-40e13243f025&tid=10145763&pid=-556914350
James I
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=document&guid=8f23878e-cbd7-4b28-b790-40e13243f025&tid=10145763&pid=-556914350
Line 354 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
NAME James I King Of /SCOTLAND/
From Ancestral File (TM), data as of 2 January 1996.
Line 719 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
MARR PLAC St. Mary, Overy, Southwark, Surrey, England
Line 218 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
NAME James I King Of /SCOTLAND/
From Ancestral File (TM), data as of 2 January 1996.
Line 1333 from GEDCOM File not recognizable or too long:
MARR PLAC St. Mary, Overy, Southwark, Surrey, England
1 UID BCA178FB8937A542A0DC8AE544D50B02886B
Killed by his Uncle Walter Stewart
1 UID C9E612B5CCFB594ABB7AFBF5AB0AFEB169F4
James I (of Scotland) (1394-1437), king of Scotland (1406-37), only
surviving son of King Robert III, born in Dunfermline. In 1406, shortly
before the death of his father, James was sent to France for safety from
rebellious Scottish nobles. The ship was seized by the English, and James
was kept a prisoner until 1423. The following year, having inherited the
Scottish throne in 1406, James returned to Scotland and was crowned. He
married Jane Beaufort (died 1445), niece of the English king Richard II,
and granddaughter of John of Gaunt. By 1429 James forced the Scottish
nobles to submit to royal authority. He tried to improve the
administration of justice and for the first time caused parliamentary acts
to be published in the language of the common people. He drew closer the
bond of alliance with France and gave his eldest daughter, Margaret
(1425?-45), in marriage to the Dauphin, later King Louis XI. James,
however, had antagonized the Scottish nobles by forfeiting their estates,
and he was assassinated in 1437. He was succeeded by his son James II.
James was taken prisoner by th English on his voyage from S cotland to
France in 1405, and sent to the Tower of London , where he remained in
captivity till 1424. In that year h e returned to Scotland but was
murdered by his uncle Walter , Earl of Atholl, at Perth.
James I Stewart, King of Scotland was the son of Robert III Stewart, King of Scotland and Annabel Drummond. He was born on 25 July 1394 at Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland.
He was also reported to have been born in December 1394. He married Lady Joan Beaufort, daughter of Sir John de Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and Lady Margaret de Holand, on 2 February 1423/24 at Priory Church, St. Mary Overy, Southwark, London, E.
He died on 21 February 1437 at age 42 at Monastry of the Friars Preachers, Perth, Perth & Kinross, Scotland, murdered by his uncle, Walter Stuart, Earl of Atholl.
He was buried at Perth, Perthshire, Scotland.
He was created Earl of Carrick on 10 December 1404.
He was created Duke of Rothesay on 10 December 1404.
He succeeded to the title of King James I of Scotland on 4 April 1406.
He was crowned King of Scotland on 2 May 1424 at Scone Abbey, Scone, Perthshire, Scotland.1 Succeeded Robert III, his second son. Was taken prisoner by the English sailing to France in 1406 shortly before the death of his father, ROBERT III. He wasfor ransom, mainly in the Tower of London, until 5 April, 1424. During his exile, Scotland has been governened by his uncle Robert, the Duke of Albany until his death (1420) and then by Robert's son, Murdoch. On the 25th May, 1425, James had his rewhen he executed Murdoch and two of his kinsmen outside Stirling Castle. James was murdered on the 21st. Feb., 1437 by members of his own family at Blackfriars Monastry in a family dispute over the throne.
Note:- By his uncle Walter, Earl of Athol (according to Paget), or Sir Robert Graham (Collins Gem Guide). He was succeeded by his sole surviving son, James II.
James I (1394-1437), king of Scotland, the son of Robert III. He crushed the house of Albany (1425), and forced Alexander, the Lord of the Isles, to submit (1429). While he was endeavoring to strengthen the crown and give his kingdom internal peace, war broke out with England. A defeat of an English force at Piperden, near Berwick, in 1436, was followed by an attempt on the part of an English fleet to capture the Princess Margaret when on her way to France to marry the Dauphin, afterwards Louis XI. James then endeavored unsuccessfully to capture Roxburgh. On Feb. 20, 1437, he was murdered at Perth, the chief conspirators being the Earl of Athole and Sir Robert Graham. He is the author of The King�s Quair. [World Wide Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1935]
Notes on King James I
Faced with a threat from the Duke of Albany, King Robert sent James by ship to France for safety. But he was captured by the English at sea on 4 Apr 1406. James was held prisoner for the next 18 years; in Windsor Castle and elsewhere. King Henry IV made some recompence for his injustice by ensuring that James was well brought up. On Albany�s death in 1420, he was succeeded by his feeble son, Murdoch who eventually sought the return of James in 1424. Finding his kingdom demoralised, James set himself to restore order. The surviving ringleaders of the regency were captured and put to death; others had their titles and estates confiscated. James was unquestionably the ablest of the Stewart sovereigns. The tender, passionate collection of poems, Kingis Quair, is attributed to him. James introduced the principle of representation into the Parliament and took steps to improve internal and external trade. He also continued to harshly curb the powers of the nobles, fighting off conspiracies against him. However, he was the victim of a plot and cruelly murdered. James was assassinated by his Uncle Walter, Duke of Atholl; Sir Robert Graham and other conspirators. [GADD.GED]
King James I
1394 - 1437
Born in Dunfermline, and held prisoner for 18 years in England. His return to Scotland in 1423 resulted in some turbulence involving the execution of various powerful nobles as James confirmed his power. He was crowned at Scone (1424) and renewed the Auld Alliance with France (1428).
Murdered by two of his nobles while staying at Blackfriars Monastery in Perth.
He was captured by the English at sea on 4 Apr 1406. He was a prisoner in England until 1424. He was crowned 21 May 1424. He was assassinated by his uncle, Walter, Earl of Atholl, Robert Graham and other conspirators.
He was captured by the English at sea on 4 Apr 1406. He was a prisoner in England until 1424. He was crowned 21 May 1424. He was assassinated by his uncle, Walter, Earl of Atholl, Robert Graham and other conspirators.
James_I_of_Scotland
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=e9eb39d8-784d-4f1d-ab3b-e04c6555be0c&tid=10145763&pid=-556914350
James_I_of_Scotland
http://trees.ancestry.com/rd?f=image&guid=e9eb39d8-784d-4f1d-ab3b-e04c6555be0c&tid=10145763&pid=-556914350
Name Prefix:
Robert III's 11 (12)-year old second son James had been captured by the English on his way to France where his father had sent him for safety to protect him from his uncle, the Duke of Albany. He was a prisoner of the English for the next 18 years but was well educated by the English at the English court. At his father' s death in 1406, he was recognized by the Scottish parliament and was finally released for a ransom of 60,000 merks payable over six years (the Treaty of London) and allowed to return home at the age of 21.
During his reign, he restored respect for the monarchy. When he returned home he found that corruption prevailed, the country was in decline and taxes were not being paid. He set out to restore order to the Kingdom. He beheaded the Duke of Albany's son, Murdoch, his sons and the Earl of Lennox, the first state executions in over 100 years.
Being brought up at the English court, he tried to reform the Scottish parliament in the style of the English but he endeavored to weld these into existing Scottish practice. The nobles opposed him but he passed restrictive laws curbing their power and bringing them back into line. These laws were passed without the approval of the King's Council and broke all the rules of law in Scotland. His attempts at innovation were not immediately successful but his reign is a landmark in the constitutional history of Scotland. He tried to make parliament more efficient not because he wanted to share his authority but because he wanted to ensure that his subjects should be obedient and enjoy good laws, justly administered. After James had brought the nobles into line, he turned his attention to the Church which had also fallen into disrepute and forced the Church to exercise more control over its clergy. A group of nobles who were resentful of the laws James had passed conspired together to put an end to his rule.
The conspirators hoped to win the throne for Walter, a son of Robert II by his second marriage. The King gave a party at Blackfriars in Perth. When all the guests had arrived, the dissenting nobles showed up even though they had not been invited. The servants warned the king and he, fearing for his life, went to a secret stone in the floor to escape. He went down the steps to an underground room that he thought would lead him to safety outside of the building. However, a week before the party the exit had been blocked off, the story being that croquet balls were always running through the exit and getting lost. The nobles, under the leadership of Sir Robert Graham, searched the castle but could not find the king. They soon discovered the stone and the king in hiding. James begged for mercy but was told that he had had no mercy on others and was stabbed with a dagger. The murderers did not have the support of the country and Queen Joan was determined to bring them to justice. She had them captured and tortured mercilessly for two days. They were killed or died of their torture. James is buried at Perth where he was murdered.
Basic Life Information
Born on December 10, 1394, the son of Robert III and Annabella Drummond, he had an eventful childhood. In 1402 his elder brother, David, starved to death in prison at Falkland in Fife.
Attempted Escape From Scotland
Before the death of his father in 1406 the authorities sent James to France for safety. During his journey to France, the English captured the young prince and handed him over to Henry IV of England, who imprisoned him and demanded a ransom. Robert III allegedly died from grief over the capture of James. James's uncle, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, who became Regent on the death of Robert III, showed no haste in paying for his nephew's release. Albany secured the release of his own son Murdoch, captured at the Battle of Homildon Hill, but not so with James. So for the next 18 years James remained a prisoner/hostage in England. Henry IV had the young Scots King imprisoned and educated in Windsor Castle and in secure large country houses near London.
Scholars believe that during his captivity James wrote The Kingis Quair, an allegorical romance, one of the earliest major works of Scottish literature.
Return To Scotland
After the death of James's uncle in 1420, the Scots finally paid the ransom of £40,000, and in 1424 James returned to Scotland to find a country in chaos. He took his bride with him - he had met and fallen in love with Joan Beaufort, a cousin of King Henry VI of England, while imprisoned. He married her in London in February 2, 1423.
Marriage and Children
James I and Joan Beaufort married and had the following children:
Margaret of Scotland (1424-1445), wife of Louis XI of France.
Isabella Stewart, Princess of Scotland 1426-1494 married Francis I, Duke of Brittany
Eleanor Stewart, Princess of Scotland 1427-1480 married Sigismund, Archduke of Austria
Mary of Scotland, Countess of Buchan 1428-1465 married Wolfart VI van Borsselen
Joan of Scotland, Countess of Morton ca 1428-/1486 married James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton
Annabella of Scotland married and divorced 1. Louis of Savoy, and then married and divorced 2. George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly.
Death
James I's grandfather, Robert II, had married twice and the awkward circumstances of the first marriage (the one with James's grandmother Elizabeth Mure) led some to dispute its validity. Conflict broke out between the descendants of the first marriage and the unquestionably legitimate descendants of the second marriage over who had the better right to the Scottish throne. Matters came to a head on February 21, 1437, when a group of Scots led by Sir Robert Graham assassinated James at the Friars Preachers Monastery in Perth. He attempted to escape his assailants through a sewer. However, three days previously, he had had the other end of the drain blocked up because of its connection to the tennis court outside, balls habitually got lost in it.
A wave of executions followed, of those who had participated in the plot, in March 1437. The authorities executed (among others) James's uncle, Walter Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl, and Atholl's grandson, Robert Stewart, Master of Atholl - both of them descended from Robert II's second marriage).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland
.
Robert III's 11 (12)-year old second son James had been captured by the English on his way to France where his father had sent him for safety to protect him from his uncle, the Duke of Albany. He was a prisoner of the English for the next 18 years but was well educated by the English at the English court. At his father' s death in 1406, he was recognized by the Scottish parliament and was finally released for a ransom of 60,000 merks payable over six years (the Treaty of London) and allowed to return home at the age of 21.
During his reign, he restored respect for the monarchy. When he returned home he found that corruption prevailed, the country was in decline and taxes were not being paid. He set out to restore order to the Kingdom. He beheaded the Duke of Albany's son, Murdoch, his sons and the Earl of Lennox, the first state executions in over 100 years.
Being brought up at the English court, he tried to reform the Scottish parliament in the style of the English but he endeavored to weld these into existing Scottish practice. The nobles opposed him but he passed restrictive laws curbing their power and bringing them back into line. These laws were passed without the approval of the King's Council and broke all the rules of law in Scotland. His attempts at innovation were not immediately successful but his reign is a landmark in the constitutional history of Scotland. He tried to make parliament more efficient not because he wanted to share his authority but because he wanted to ensure that his subjects should be obedient and enjoy good laws, justly administered. After James had brought the nobles into line, he turned his attention to the Church which had also fallen into disrepute and forced the Church to exercise more control over its clergy. A group of nobles who were resentful of the laws James had passed conspired together to put an end to his rule.
The conspirators hoped to win the throne for Walter, a son of Robert II by his second marriage. The King gave a party at Blackfriars in Perth. When all the guests had arrived, the dissenting nobles showed up even though they had not been invited. The servants warned the king and he, fearing for his life, went to a secret stone in the floor to escape. He went down the steps to an underground room that he thought would lead him to safety outside of the building. However, a week before the party the exit had been blocked off, the story being that croquet balls were always running through the exit and getting lost. The nobles, under the leadership of Sir Robert Graham, searched the castle but could not find the king. They soon discovered the stone and the king in hiding. James begged for mercy but was told that he had had no mercy on others and was stabbed with a dagger. The murderers did not have the support of the country and Queen Joan was determined to bring them to justice. She had them captured and tortured mercilessly for two days. They were killed or died of their torture. James is buried at Perth where he was murdered.
James I was the 3rd monarch from the House of Stuart, or Stewart, who reigned
technically from 1406-1437. However, James was held prisoner in England 'til
1424, when a ransom was paid for his release. So, from 1406 to 1420,
Scotland was ruled by regency, by the Duke of Albany 'til his death, then by
regency of James' son , Murdock, the 2nd duke. James I, therefore, only
actually ruled from 1424-1437.
JAMES I, KING OF SCOTS (1394-1437)
James, King of Scots from 1406 to 1437, was the son of the poor disabled cripple Robert III, who had left the governing of his country to his brother, the Duke of Albany. Robert had sent his son to France for safety during the regency, but after his ship had been seized by pirates, the youngster was taken to London and held hostage for 18 years, despite being proclaimed James I at his father's death in 1406. When Albany died in 1420, it was time for James to return to Scotland.
The years in exile had taught the new Scottish king many lessons; one of them was to be ruthless in matters of government. During the regency, the Scottish nobility had built up their estates into semi-independent, powerful minor kingdoms. James attempted to redress the balance. He forcibly seized property from the Albany family, ordered the Highland chiefs to a parliament where he had some of them arrested and some executed. He then took over control of the crown's forces in curbing the powers of such as Lord Douglas and the Earl of March.
Building on his successes, James made his principal residence at Linlithgow, making it into a magnificent royal palace. In 1428, he cemented the "Auld Alliance" with France, sending huge numbers of Scots to fight for Charles VII and Joan of Arc against the English. His legislative reforms at home earned him the title of Rex Legifer, the Law Giver. All his zeal, however, in reforming the legal system, regulating finances, raising new taxes and giving his country some semblance of law and order were undone in 1437. The unfortunate king was stabbed to death in a plot involving his uncle, the Earl of Atholl (who was executed for his part in the murder).
The death of James I presents us with yet another "what if?" in Scottish history, for he established the first really strong monarch in his country in nearly a century. An educated ruler, he is accepted as the author of the long poem The Kingis Quair, The King's Book. King of Scots, of the house of Stuart, born in 1394, was the son of Robert III. In 1405 he was taken by the English on his passage to France, and kept in confinement eighteen years. In 1424 he obtained his liberty, and severely punished those who had governed in his absence; for which, and some treacherous measures which he took to curb a lawless nobility, he fell a victim to assassins, who gained admission to his apartment at Perth, and murdered him in his bed, Feb.20, 1437.
James I was the 3rd monarch from the House of Stuart, or Stewart, who reigned
technically from 1406-1437. However, James was held prisoner in England 'til
1424, when a ransom was paid for his release. So, from 1406 to 1420,
Scotland was ruled by regency, by the Duke of Albany 'til his death, then by
regency of James' son , Murdock, the 2nd duke. James I, therefore, only
actually ruled from 1424-1437.
James I was the 3rd monarch from the House of Stuart, or Stewart, who reigned
technically from 1406-1437. However, James was held prisoner in England 'til
1424, when a ransom was paid for his release. So, from 1406 to 1420,
Scotland was ruled by regency, by the Duke of Albany 'til his death, then by
regency of James' son , Murdock, the 2nd duke. James I, therefore, only
actually ruled from 1424-1437.
James I was the 3rd monarch from the House of Stuart, or Stewart, who reigned
technically from 1406-1437. However, James was held prisoner in England 'til
1424, when a ransom was paid for his release. So, from 1406 to 1420,
Scotland was ruled by regency, by the Duke of Albany 'til his death, then by
regency of James' son , Murdock, the 2nd duke. James I, therefore, only
actually ruled from 1424-1437.
(1394-1437)
King James I (Stewart) of Scotland
James Stewart was born 30 December 1394 at Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. He was one of the younger sons of Robert (John) III, King of Scotland, and his wife, Anabella Drummond.
James was born into a time of disorder in Scotland. His father, King Robert III, was a weak sovereign and as one contemporary observed: "In those days there was no law in Scotland, but he who was the stronger oppressed him who was weaker, and the whole kingdom was a den of thieves."
Young James Stewart's father, John, had become King in 1390 but due to his frailty, had handed over authority to his brother, Robert Stewart, Earl of Fife. Robert was an ambitious man and more concerned with his own advancement than the rule of the Kingdom. Recognizing this, Robert III (John) again took control of Scotland just before young James Stewart's birth.
But King Robert's talents at running the Kingdom proved abysmal, and in 1399 the governing of the Kingdom was passed to David Stewart, James' older brother. David was titled Duke of Rothesay, and settled down to run the Kingdom. David's Uncle Robert, the Earl of Fife, who expected to again rule in the King's place, was given the title of Duke of Albany in compensation.
David proved to be irresponsible and wild, and in 1401, after two short years of running the country, Robert III asked him to step down. He refused, thus forcing the King to have his own son arrested. David was placed in the custody of his uncle, Robert, the Duke of Albany and imprisoned at Falkland. About this time, the mother of James and David, Anabella Drummond died.
Within a year, another loss befell the royal family when David Stewart died while in his Uncle Robert's captivity. Although there were no external marks on the young man, it appeared as though he died of starvation. Many suspected his brothers' ambitions to the throne were the cause and Robert, the Duke of Albany, faced a judicial inquiry.
The power of the Duke was great, and this led many to believe that the results of the inquiry were predetermined, as he was very quickly exonerated of the charge. The King's health was fading, and his remaining son James was only eleven years old, so it was decided to send James to France for his protection. Very early in 1406, young James Stewart was loaded on to a ship of Danzig named the Maryenknycht.
The ship never made it to France, however, as it was captured by English 'pirates' and young James was sent to the court of Henry IV of England. Apparently, this was too much for James father, as he died on the 4th of April 1406; at about the time the news of his son's kidnapping would have reached him.
The Scottish Parliament immediately pronounced young James Stewart as King of Scotland. But since the King was in the captivity of the English, his Uncle Robert assumed the title as Governor of Scotland for the second time. It is then that Robert Stewart's true intentions became obvious, as he quickly ransomed his son, Murdoch, who had been captured by the English at the Battle of Homildon in 1402. No attempt was made to ransom the young King James and Murdoch Stewart returned to help his father govern Scotland.
The young King James I of Scotland, remained in captivity in England, serving time in the tower, the English court and at other English strongholds for his 'safety'. The martial sports of jousting, swordmanship and archery delighted him, but his captivity prevented much of this activity. In response, he turned to his energies to the arts of the mind. He became a linguist, musician, singer and an accomplished poet.
On the 3rd of September 1420, the Governor of Scotland, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany died. His son Murdoch Stewart became the new Duke of Albany and assumed the role as Governor of Scotland. It quickly became apparent that Murdoch did not even possess the mediocre skills of his father. Many of the nobles of Scotland started to actively pursue the return of the rightful King James.
Meanwhile the young James had met Lady Joan Beaufort, great-grand daughter of Edward III of England and they had fallen in love. James wrote a poem about her that is called The Kingis Quair:
And therewith kest I doune myn eye ageyne,
Quare as I saw, walking under the toure,
Full secretly new cummyn hir to pleyne,
The fairest or the freschest younge floure
That evir I saw, me thoght, before that houre,
For which sodayn abate, anon astert
The blude of all my bodye to my hert….
Although this was not one of James' best poems, it illustrates his feelings for Lady Joan. The two were married in 1423 and she became the new Queen of Scotland.
By this time, the King of Scotland, James Stewart had been in captivity for seventeen years. England was having major difficulty maintaining the territory it had captured in France. Scotland was now seriously negotiating for the release of its King and thousands of Scots were fighting in France against the English. The last thing the English needed was an all out war with the Scots. In response to Scottish entreaties, the English agreed to James' release for the fee of 60,000 merks - tactfully labeled as the Kings 'expenses' during his stay - and the agreement that no more Scots would fight against them in France. In the spring of 1424, after eighteen years in captivity, the King of Scotland returned to his home with his new wife.
The young King wasted no time regaining control of the country, as the main threat to his power came from his own family. Murdoch Stewart, the Governor of Scotland (and the Kings cousin), and his two sons were executed. David Stewart (son of Robert II and Euphemia of Ross), the Earl of Strathern was sent to England and imprisoned along with James Stewart, Master of Atholl (the son of Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl).
With the threats to his power banished or killed, James I of Scotland turned his attentions to Scotland. His goal, first and foremost, was peace. Barely 4% of the taxes were making it to the government. The rest was being stolen and usurped by robbers and corrupt servants of the crown. He enacted laws that were considered harsh against criminals and fair to the common man.
In 1429, James was forced to war with the Lord of the Isles to maintain control of the northwest portion of the country. He was successful and returned to policing the countryside. He was becoming a very popular King and a champion of the people. All was well until the other James Stewart, Master of Atholl, died while prisoner in England.
While his son was in captivity, Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl had remained a faithful servant of the King. With his son's death, however, his ambitions for the throne returned along with a hatred for the King. He conspired with Sir Robert Graham to murder James I.
On the night of the 20th of February 1437 they put their plan into action and were successful, but they did not get the results they anticipated. James I was killed, but instead of the people placing Walter, the Earl of Atholl, as their new monarch they chose James' son, also named James, who became James II at the age of seven years.
In retrospect, James' I abduction was the best thing that could have happened for Scotland. In the English court he learned many lessons of diplomacy and the hard realities of taking and maintaining power. These were lessons that he apparently would not have received from his father, Robert III, and which made him the first true King of Scotland since Robert the Bruce. James I restored law and order to the country and refilled its coffers.
But James I also learned a few other things in England that did not bode him well in Scotland. His relationship with the Highlanders was poisoned by his contempt for their culture and way of life - something he learned at the English Court and which led to his war with the Lord of the Isles. And although he was himself a staunch Roman Catholic, his reforms removed much of the Church's power in Scotland.
BW, February 2000
Sir James Stewart, "The Black Knight of Lorn"; married (papal dispensation 21 Sep 1439) Jane/Joan Beafort, Queen Dowager of Scotland (d 15 June 1445), daughter of John, Marquess of Dorset and Earl of Somerset (son of John of Gaunt and grandson of Edward III), and widow of James I, and was captured at sea by a Flemish ship and put to death. [Burke's Peerage]
James I; born Dec 1394; married 2 Feb 1433/4 Joan Beaufort (married 2nd 1439 Sir James Stewart "The Black Knight of Lord" and died 15 July 1445), ggdaughter of Edward III, and was assassinated 21 Feb 1436/7. [Burke's Peerage]
Scottish monarch. Son of Robert III and Annabella Drummond. He reigned 1406-1437, though from 1406 til 1424, he was king in name only. When his father sent him away as a child for his own protection, he was captured by the English and held in the Tower of London for 18 years. During his imprisonment, he fell in love with Joan Beaufort, and the two were married on February 2, 1424 in Southwark. They had 8 children together. James returned to Scotland to find his country in chaos. He was formally crowned on May 21, 1424 at Scone. He took immediate action to regain his authority and control, including executing the Albany family, his fiercest opponents. He ruled with a firm hand, achieving numerous legal and financial reforms, including remodeling the Scottish parliament after its English counterpart, and renewing the Auld Alliance with France. His actions, although very effective, upset many, namely the descendents of his grandfather, Robert II's second marriage (James was descended from the first marriage). Conflict arose between the two factions over who should be on the throne. The problems came to a head when James was murdered by his uncle Walter, Earl of Athol, at Friars Preachers Monastery in Perth. The king was 42. James was a handsome, accomplished man, being a poet, singer, and musician as well as a talented athlete, excelling at shotput and hammer throw.
(bio of James I King of Scots by: VampireRed @ findagrave.com)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
James I (1394 - February 21, 1437) reigned as king of Scotland from1406 until 1437. However, from 1406 to 1424 he was king in name only.
He was born on the July 25 or December ??, 1394, the son of Robert IIIand Annabella Drummond. He had an eventful childhood. In 1402 hiselder brother, David, was starved to death in prison at Falkland inFife. Before the death of his father in 1406 James was sent to Francefor safety.
On the way there, he was captured by the English and handed over toHenry IV of England who imprisoned him and demanded a ransom. RobertIII was said to have died from grief over the capture of James. Hisuncle, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany who became Regent on thedeath of Robert III, was in no hurry to pay for his release. Robertsecured the release of his son Murdoch, who was captured at the sametime, but not so with James. So for the next 18 years, James wasimprisoned and educated in Windsor Castle and in secure large countryhouses near London.
After the death of his uncle in 1420, the ransom of £40,000 wasfinally paid, and in 1424 James returned to Scotland to find a countryin chaos. He took his bride with him – he had met and fallen in lovewith Joan Beaufort while imprisoned. He married her in London inFebruary, 1424. They would have eight children, including the futureJames II of Scotland, and Margaret, wife of Louis XI of France.
James was formally crowned King of Scotland at Scone Abbey,Perthshire, on May 2 or 21, 1424. He immediately took strong actionsto regain authority and control. One such action was to execute theAlbany family, who had opposed his actions. The execution of Murdoch,Duke of Albany, and two of Murdoch's sons took place on May 24, 1425at Castle Hill, Stirling.
He proceeded to rule Scotland with a firm hand, and achieved numerousfinancial and legal reforms. For instance, for the purpose of tradewith other nations, foreign exchange could only be exchanged withinScottish borders. He also tried to remodel the Scottish Parliamentalong English lines. However, in foreign policy, he renewed the AuldAlliance, a Scottish-French (and therefore anti-English) alliance, in1428.
His actions throughout his reign, though effective, upset many people.During the later years of his reign, they helped to lead to his claimto the throne coming under question.
James I's grandfather, Robert II, had married twice and the awkwardcircumstances of the first marriage, from which James was descended,led to it being disputed. Conflict broke out between the descendantsof the first marriage and the unquestionably legitimate descendants ofthe second marriage over who should be on the Scottish throne. Matterscame to a head in February, 1437, when James was assassinated by agroup of Scots led by Sir Robert Graham while staying at the FriarsPreachers Monastery in Perth.
A wave of executions followed in March, 1437, of those who were partof the plot. Among those executed were James's uncle, Walter, Earl ofAtholl, and his grandson, Robert, Master of Atholl (both of whom weredescended from Robert II's second marriage).
James I of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
James I (December 10, 1394 – February 21, 1437) reigned as king of Scotland from April 4, 1406 until February 21, 1437. However, from 1406 to 1424 he was king in name only.
He was born on December 10, 1394, the son of Robert III and Annabella Drummond. He had an eventful childhood. In 1402 his elder brother, David, was starved to death in prison at Falkland in Fife. Before the death of his father in 1406 James was sent to France for safety.
On the way there, the English captured him and handed him over to Henry IV of England who imprisoned him and demanded a ransom. Robert III was said to have died from grief over the capture of James. His uncle, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany who became Regent on the death of Robert III, was in no hurry to pay for his release. Robert secured the release of his son Murdoch, who was captured at the same time, but not so with James. So for the next 18 years, James was imprisoned and educated in Windsor Castle and in secure large country houses near London.
After the death of his uncle in 1420, the ransom of £40,000 was finally paid, and in 1424 James returned to Scotland to find a country in chaos. He took his bride with him – he had met and fallen in love with Joan Beaufort while imprisoned. He married her in London in February 2, 1423. They would have eight children, including the future James II of Scotland, and Margaret, wife of Louis XI of France. He is believed during his captivity to have written The Kingis Quair, an allegorical romance and one of the earliest major works of Scottish literature extent.
James was formally crowned King of Scotland at Scone Abbey, Perthshire, on May 2 or 21, 1424. He immediately took strong actions to regain authority and control. One such action was to execute the Albany family, who had opposed his actions. The execution of Murdoch, Duke of Albany, and two of Murdoch's sons took place on May 24, 1425 at Castle Hill, Stirling.
He proceeded to rule Scotland with a firm hand, and achieved numerous financial and legal reforms. For instance, for the purpose of trade with other nations, foreign exchange could only be exchanged within Scottish borders. He also tried to remodel the Parliament of Scotland along English lines. However, in foreign policy, he renewed the Auld Alliance, a Scottish-French (and therefore anti-English) alliance, in 1428.
His actions throughout his reign, though effective, upset many people. During the later years of his reign, they helped to lead to his claim to the throne coming under question.
James I's grandfather, Robert II, had married twice and the awkward circumstances of the first marriage, from which James was descended, led to it being disputed. Conflict broke out between the descendants of the first marriage and the unquestionably legitimate descendants of the second marriage over who should be on the Scottish throne. Matters came to a head on February 21, 1437, when James was assassinated by a group of Scots led by Sir Robert Graham while staying at the Friars Preachers Monastery in Perth. He attempted to escape his assailants through a sewer. However, three days previously, he had the other end of the drain blocked up because it was connected to the tennis court outside, and balls were in the habit of getting lost in it. (See also: Catherine Douglas.)
A wave of executions followed in March, 1437, of those who were part of the plot. Among those executed were James's uncle, Walter, Earl of Atholl, and his grandson, Robert, Master of Atholl (both of whom were descended from Robert II's second marriage).
[edit]
See also
Scottish monarchs family tree
[edit]
Reference
Peter Wordie and Lance St John Butler (1989). "Tennis in Scotland" in The Royal Game. Stirling: Falkland Palace Real Tennis Club. ISBN 0-9514622-0-2 or ISBN 0-9514622-1-0.
Preceded by:
Robert III King of Scots Succeeded by:
James II
Basic Life Information
Born on December 10, 1394, the son of Robert III and Annabella Drummond, he had an eventful childhood. In 1402 his elder brother, David, starved to death in prison at Falkland in Fife.
Attempted Escape From Scotland
Before the death of his father in 1406 the authorities sent James to France for safety. During his journey to France, the English captured the young prince and handed him over to Henry IV of England, who imprisoned him and demanded a ransom. Robert III allegedly died from grief over the capture of James. James's uncle, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, who became Regent on the death of Robert III, showed no haste in paying for his nephew's release. Albany secured the release of his own son Murdoch, captured at the Battle of Homildon Hill, but not so with James. So for the next 18 years James remained a prisoner/hostage in England. Henry IV had the young Scots King imprisoned and educated in Windsor Castle and in secure large country houses near London.
Scholars believe that during his captivity James wrote The Kingis Quair, an allegorical romance, one of the earliest major works of Scottish literature.
Return To Scotland
After the death of James's uncle in 1420, the Scots finally paid the ransom of £40,000, and in 1424 James returned to Scotland to find a country in chaos. He took his bride with him - he had met and fallen in love with Joan Beaufort, a cousin of King Henry VI of England, while imprisoned. He married her in London in February 2, 1423.
Marriage and Children
James I and Joan Beaufort married and had the following children:
Margaret of Scotland (1424-1445), wife of Louis XI of France.
Isabella Stewart, Princess of Scotland 1426-1494 married Francis I, Duke of Brittany
Eleanor Stewart, Princess of Scotland 1427-1480 married Sigismund, Archduke of Austria
Mary of Scotland, Countess of Buchan 1428-1465 married Wolfart VI van Borsselen
Joan of Scotland, Countess of Morton ca 1428-/1486 married James Douglas, 1st Earl of Morton
Annabella of Scotland married and divorced 1. Louis of Savoy, and then married and divorced 2. George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly.
Death
James I's grandfather, Robert II, had married twice and the awkward circumstances of the first marriage (the one with James's grandmother Elizabeth Mure) led some to dispute its validity. Conflict broke out between the descendants of the first marriage and the unquestionably legitimate descendants of the second marriage over who had the better right to the Scottish throne. Matters came to a head on February 21, 1437, when a group of Scots led by Sir Robert Graham assassinated James at the Friars Preachers Monastery in Perth. He attempted to escape his assailants through a sewer. However, three days previously, he had had the other end of the drain blocked up because of its connection to the tennis court outside, balls habitually got lost in it.
A wave of executions followed, of those who had participated in the plot, in March 1437. The authorities executed (among others) James's uncle, Walter Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl, and Atholl's grandson, Robert Stewart, Master of Atholl - both of them descended from Robert II's second marriage).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland
[Kopi av ROYALS.FTW]
Reign: 1406-37; In 1406, shortly before the death of his father, James was
sent to France for safety from rebellious Scottish nobles. The ship was seized
by the English, and James was kept a prisoner until 1423. The following year
having inherited the Scottish throne in 1406, James returned to Scotland and
was crowned. James, however, ahd antagonized the Scottish nobles by forfeiting
their estates, and he was assassinated in 1437. He was succeeded by his son
James II.Reign: 1406-37; In 1406, shortly before the death of his father, James was
sent to France for safety from rebellious Scottish nobles. The ship was seized
by the English, and James was kept a prisoner until 1423. The following year
having inherited the Scottish throne in 1406, James returned to Scotland and
was crowned. James, however, ahd antagonized the Scottish nobles by forfeiting
their estates, and he was assassinated in 1437. He was succeeded by his son
James II.
[Enc. Brit.] King of Scotland 1406-37.[Enc. Brit.] King of Scotland 1406-37.Reign: 1406-37; In 1406, shortly before the death of his father, James was
sent to France for safety from rebellious Scottish nobles. The ship was seized
by the English, and James was kept a prisoner until 1423. The following year
having inherited the Scottish throne in 1406, James returned to Scotland and
was crowned. James, however, ahd antagonized the Scottish nobles by forfeiting
their estates, and he was assassinated in 1437. He was succeeded by his son
James II.
[Enc. Brit.] King of Scotland 1406-37.[Enc. Brit.] King of Scotland 1406-37.[Enc. Brit.] King of Scotland 1406-37.[Kopi av ROYALS.FTW]
aka: The Black Knight of Lorne
info: Name: James_I Stewart Title: King Sex: M Birth: Dec 1394 in Dumferline,Fifeshire,,Scotland Death: 21 Feb 1436/37 in Perth,Perthshire,,Scotland Note: *????????able b low*********GEN: James was taken prisoner by the English on his voyage from Scotland to France in 1405, and sent to the tower of London, whereGEN: he remained in captivity till 1424. In that year he returned to Scotland but was murdered by his Uncle Walter, Earl of AthollGEN: at Perth DEATH: murderedAlias: Black Knight
info: Name: James_I Stewart Title: King Sex: M Birth: Dec 1394 in Dumferline,Fifeshire,,Scotland Death: 21 Feb 1436/37 in Perth,Perthshire,,Scotland Note: *????????able b low*********GEN: James was taken prisoner by the English on his voyage from Scotland to France in 1405, and sent to the tower of London, whereGEN: he remained in captivity till 1424. In that year he returned to Scotland but was murdered by his Uncle Walter, Earl of AthollGEN: at Perth DEATH: murderedAlias: Black Knight
James i of Scotland
-- MERGED NOTE ------------
[[Category: Scotland, Arbroath Profiles Needs Review]]
[[Category:Declaration of Arbroath, Montfichet Family Worklist]]
[[Category:Declaration of Arbroath, Stewart Family Worklist]]
[[Category:Scotland, Notables]]
[[Category:Scottish Royalty]]
[[Category:House of Stewart]]
[[Category:Dukes of Rothesay]]
[[Category: Prisoners of the Tower of London]]
[[Category: This Day In History February 21]]
[[Category: 15th Century]][[Category:Magna Carta Profiles]]
}
== Biography ==
}
}
}
}
===Family and Youth===James was born in July 1394 at Dunfermline, Fife, the third and only surviving son of [[Stewart-972|Robert III]], King of Scots, and his queen-consort, [[Drummond-49|Annabella Drummond]].Burnett, George (ed). ''Rotuli Scaccarii Regum Scotorum'' (Exchequer Rolls of Scotland). Edinburgh: General Register House (1880), [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rotuli_Scaccarii_Regum_Scotorum/Ke4_AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 vol. 4, appendix to preface clxxii].Douglas Richardson. ''Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Famiies,'' 5 vols, ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), vol. 1, pp. 656-662 BRUS 12. James I of Scotland He was nearly sixteen years younger than his eldest brother, born when his mother was in her early forties.Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. ''Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005-1625.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1899), [https://archive.org/stream/scottishkingsre00dunbuoft#page/179/mode/1up p. 179] James was seven years old when his mother died in 1401, and after her death he was sent to the castle of St Andrews and placed in the care of Bishop Henry Wardlaw for his education.MacKay, Aeneas James George. [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/James_I_of_Scotland James I of Scotland]. Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 29.
In March of 1402 his older brother David died in prison and James became heir to the throne. As the kingdom increasingly devolved into a state of complete lawlessness, Robert III decided Scotland was no longer a safe place for his youngest son.Ashley, Mike. ''British Kings and Queens.'' New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers (1998), pp. 555-556. The king arranged for James to be secretly escorted by Henry St Clair, earl of Orkney, to the Bass Rock where he was to board a ship for France, finishing his education abroad and returning when the political situation in Scotland was more settled. Unfortunately the ship was captured 4 April 1406 off Flambrough Head by English pirates who, realizing the importance of their prisoner, took the twelve year old boy directly to the English king, and James was immediately imprisoned in the Tower of London.Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. ''Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005-1625.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1899), [https://archive.org/stream/scottishkingsre00dunbuoft#page/183/mode/1up p. 183] He was to remain a prisoner of the English, under fairly strict custody, for the next nineteen years.
===Imprisonment===Henry IV is said to have remarked [on James's capture] "Assuredly had the Scots been polite they would have sent the young man to me for his education, for I also know French."Henderson, Thomas Finlayson. ''The Royal Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons (1914), p. 28 Partly to assuage his conscience over the boy's capture (which was in direct violation of a treaty in effect at that time between the two countries), the king ensured that James received an excellent education.MacKenzie, Agnes Mure. ''The Rise of the Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd Ltd. (1935), p. 145 He was strictly supervised, and studied both literature and history as well as (later in his captivity) witnessing the political manuevering at court. He became an accomplished poet (although only one of his longer poems, ''The Kingis Quair,'' which recounts his experiences while imprisoned and the courtship of his wife, still exists) and a proficient musician on the harp and the pipes. He was also naturally athletic and excelled at sports--field sports not being allowed during his captivity, he became expert at throwing the hammer and at wrestling.Henderson, Thomas Finlayson. ''The Royal Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons (1914), p. 29 Although the first years of his captivity were spent locked away in the Tower, he was eventually held at Windsor Castle and in 1430 accompanied Henry V to France during the English military campaign there.
Robert III died shortly after his son James was captured, and a council held at Perth in June 1406 named the young James as 'our king' and appointed his uncle Robert Stewart, duke of Albany, earl of Fife and Menteith, to act as governor of Scotland in James's absence. Negotiations for his relief went on continuously from the time of his capture but Albany, who rather enjoyed the unlimited power he found himself with as governor of the kingdom, was in no hurry for James to return to Scotland. James outlived both Henry IV and Henry V, and was still a prisoner in England during the minority of Henry VI. In the end, it was Albany's death in 1420 and England's hope that if James were returned to the throne of Scotland, that country would no longer support France in its war with England, that brought negotiations for James's release to a head. In the fall of 1423 a treaty was finalized: a payment of sixty thousand marks, in installments, was to be made for the king's release (this was termed a reimbursement for James's care during his years in custody, rather than as a ransom); Scottish troops would be withdrawn from France; and James would agree to marry an English woman of noble birth.Munro, Cecil. ''Letters of Queen Margaret of Anjou and Bishop Beckingham.'' Westminster: printed for the Camden Society (1863), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002034926809&view=1up&seq=63 pp. 29-30].
Immediately following his wedding to [[Beaufort-20|Joan Beaufort]] in February 1424, James rode north to Scotland with his bride. He had been kept fully apprised of the situation there during the years of his captivity, messengers came and went frequently, and he was aware of the destruction of long wars; the turmoil among nobles fighting to extend their own power; and the terrible poverty and lawlessness which now prevailed because of the gross mismanagement of Albany and now of Albany's son, Murdoch.MacKenzie, Agnes Mure. ''The Rise of the Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd Ltd. (1935), p. 146 The amount of disorder and misrule that he witnessed on his arrival "aroused his great detestation," and he resolved that "...if God gave him 'but a dog's life,' to make 'the key keep the castle and the bracken bush the cow throughout all Scotland.'"Henderson, Thomas Finlayson. ''The Royal Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons (1914), p. 34
===Major Events/Accomplishments During His Reign===On 21 May 1424 James I was crowned at Scone by Bishop Wardlaw in the presence of bishops, prelates, and the nobility of the kingdom. Joan Beaufort was crowned as Queen of Scots on the same day.Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. ''Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005-1625.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1899), [https://archive.org/stream/scottishkingsre00dunbuoft#page/187/mode/1up pp. 187-188]Weir, Alison. ''Britain's Royal Families.'' London: The Bodley Head (1989), p. 230. James's first focus was to get rid of his untrustworthy relatives who had allowed the kingdom to become lawless and corrupt, and had not exerted themselves very hard to negotiate his release from England. Within a month of his coronation, James had imprisoned Walter Stewart (who not only controlled Dumbarton Castle but also controlled the Scottish forces sent to France which James had pledged to withdraw as a condition of his own release); and also imprisoned the earl of Lennox (his cousin Murdoch's father-in-law), Murdoch himself, Murdoch's wife Isabella, and his heir, Alexander.Henderson, Thomas Finlayson. ''The Royal Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons (1914), pp. 34-36MacKenzie, Agnes Mure. ''The Rise of the Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd Ltd. (1935), p. 150 Murdoch's youngest son, James, in retaliation for this led a raid which ransacked Dumbarton before fleeing to Ireland, and James in response promptly executed all the prisoners save Isabella. In an effort to prevent any challenges from uncles and/or cousins who were descended from his grandfather's second marriage (considered more legal than his first), James stripped Malise Graham of the earldom of Strathhearn by claiming it could not be passed down through his mother, and Malise was sent to England as one of the hostages guaranteeing the payment of James's ransom.
During his first parliament, at Perth, James was able to ensure the passage of twenty-seven new statutes.MacKenzie, Agnes Mure. ''The Rise of the Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd Ltd. (1935), pp. 151-153 Among the most important of these were: private wars among the nobility were forbidden; rebellion (including any refusal to help the king) would result in forfeiture of lands; a tax of twelvepence per pound of value was laid on all lands (including regalities) to help pay for the ransom; other taxes on cattle and corn were to go to the king and silver and gold mines were to be the property of the crown; provisions were drawn up to appoint honest, impartial men to estimate property values for taxation; judges were appointed to "do the law evenly" throughout the realm and complaints about their impartiality could be made directly to the king, with a supreme court established to hear more importantant cases that were tried directly before the king and his council;Henderson, Thomas Finlayson. ''The Royal Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons (1914), p. 37 measures to protect fisheries were passed; gold was not to be exported; beggars who were really in need received a license from the king to beg unmolested, others were given jobs and if they refused to work they were branded and banished; (in an effort to build a strong military force) all men in the kingdom were to practice archery, while games such as football and golf were outlawed; drinking was licensed for only certain hours; and organized fire-fighting was established. With this foundation in place, James began the work of rebuilding his kingdom.
James was absolutely ruthless in controlling the powers of the Highland Clans, who were a law unto themselves. In the spring of 1427 he summoned their chiefs to a parliament at Inverness and, when they arrived, immediately had them arrested and thrown into prison.Henderson, Thomas Finlayson. ''The Royal Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons (1914), p. 40 Some were accused of serious crimes and executed after a brief trial, others were released after a short imprisonment with the hope that other clan chiefs would take notice and pledge their loyalty to the king. The king's methods were often violent, although he did succeed in establishing a system of laws and a sense of peace throughout the realm, but his sometimes heavy-handed use of force earned him some powerful enemies.
===Marriage and Children===James married in February 1423/4 at St Mary Overy Church in Southwark, Surrey, [[Beaufort-20|Joan Beaufort]], a daughter of [[Beaufort-11|John Beaufort]], 1st earl of Somerset and his wife [[Holland-30|Margaret de Holand]]Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. ''Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005-1625.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1899), [https://archive.org/stream/scottishkingsre00dunbuoft#page/187/mode/1up p. 187] and a granddaughter of [[Plantagenet-66|John of Gaunt]], duke of Lancaster and fourth son of Edward III of England.Laing, David. ''Historical Notices of the Family of King James I of Scotland.'' Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 3 (1857), [http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/view/4497/4475 p. 89].Henderson, Thomas Finlayson. ''The Royal Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons (1914), pp. 31-32 Joan fit the treaty requirement that James marry "an English woman of noble birth," but she was also the love of his life. James wrote an epic poem, ''The Kingis Quair,'' before their marriage describing their courtship from the first glimpse he had of her from the window of his prison. He wrote passionately of his hopes increasing "day by day" (st. 181); his "long pain and true service in love" (st. 188) which eventually led to his love being reciprocated; and of his "long and true continuance in love and true service" (st. 192) to this beautiful woman.Brown, J.T.T. ''Authorship of the 'Kingis Quair,'''[Transactions of the Glasgow Archeological Society n.s.3 (1899), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044090332016&view=1up&seq=175 p. 141]. Throughout the rest of his lifetime, James remained devoted to two things: his queen, and saving his kingdom from anarchy. His love for his wife remained constant always, he was one of a very few Scottish kings who had no mistresses and no illegitimate children.
There were eight children from this marriage:
*[[Stewart-1883|Margaret Stewart]]; b. c1424;Douglas Richardson. ''Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families,'' 5 vols, ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), vol. 1, pp. 658-659 BRUS 12.i. Margaret StewartPaul, James Balfour. ''The Scots Peerage.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1904), [https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun01paul/page/19/mode/1up vol. 1, p. 19]. m. 24 Jun 1436 [[Valois-276|Louis XI]], Dauphine (later king) of France;Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. ''Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005-1625.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1899), [https://archive.org/stream/scottishkingsre00dunbuoft#page/191/mode/1up p. 191]. d. 16 Aug 1445
*[[Stewart-1865|Isabella Stewart]]; b. 1426;Douglas Richardson. ''Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families,'' 5 vols, ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), vol. 1, p. 659 BRUS 12.ii Isabel Stewart m. 30 Oct 1442 [[Dreux-117|Francois I]], duke of Brittany;Burnett, George (ed). ''Rotuli Scaccarii Regum Scotorum'' (Exchequer Rolls of Scotland). Edinburgh: General Register House (1882), vol. 5 (1437-1454), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d004665126&view=1up&seq=61 vol. 5, preface pp. lvii-lviii]. d. 1498/9
*[[Stewart-1199|Joan Stewart]]; b. c1428;Douglas Richardson. ''Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families,'' 5 vols, ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), vol. 1, p. 659 BRUS 12.iii. Joan Stewart m. bef. 15 May 1459 [[Douglas-412|James Douglas]], 1st earl of Morton;Paul, James Balfour. ''The Scots Peerage.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1904), [https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun06paul/page/356/mode/1up vol. 6, p.356]. d. aft. 16 Oct 1486Weir, Alison. ''Britain's Royal Families.'' London: The Bodley Head (1989), pp. 230-233.
*[[Stewart-1613|Alexander Stewart]], duke of Rothesay; b. 16 Oct 1430;Thomson, Thomas. ''The Auchinleek Chronicle.'' Edinburgh: The Library at Auchinleek, Ayrshire (1819), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044094435674&view=1up&seq=204 part 2, p. 160]. d. youngDouglas Richardson. ''Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families,'' 5 vols, ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), vol. 1, p. 659 BRUS 12.iv. Alexander Stewart.
*[[Stewart-1166|James II]] of Scotland; b. 16 Oct 1430;Douglas Richardson. ''Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families,'' 5 vols, ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), vol. 1, pp. 662-667 BRUS 13. James II of Scotland.Balfour, Sir James. ''The Annales of Scotland MCVII-MDCIII.'' Edinburgh: W. Aitchison (1824), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044094435674&view=1up&seq=204 vol. 1, p. 160 (1430)]. m. 3 Jul 1449 [[Egmond-Gelre-1|Mary of Guelders]];Balfour, Sir James. ''The Annales of Scotland MCVII-MDCIII.'' Edinburgh: W. Aitchison (1824), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044094435674&view=1up&seq=220 vol. 1, p. 176 (1448)].Thomson, Thomas (ed.) ''The Auchinleek Chronicle.'' Edinburgh: Library at Auchinleek, Ayrshire (1819), part 2: ''A Short Chronicle of the Reign of James the Second, King of Scots,'' [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433075893572&view=1up&seq=67 p. 41]. d. 3 Aug 1460Burnett, George (ed.) ''Rotuli Scaccarii Regum Scotorum'' (Exchequer Rolls of Scotland). Edinburgh: General Register House (1883), vol. 6 (1455-1460), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t86h9223m&view=1up&seq=68 preface p. lxiv].Paul, Sir James Balfour. ''The Scots Peerage.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1904), [https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun01paul/page/20/mode/1up vol. 1, p. 20].
*[[Stewart-7743|Mary Stewart]]; m. 25 Jul 1444 [[Borsselen-2|Wolfart van Borsselen]], count of Grandpré, lord Campvere in Zealand;Douglas Richardson. ''Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families,'' 5 vols, ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), vol. 1, p. 660 BRUS 12.vi. Mary StewartBurnett, George (ed). ''Rotuli Scaccarii Regum Scotorum'' (Exchequer Rolls of Scotland). Edinburgh: General Register House (1882), vol. 5 (1437-1454), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d004665126&view=1up&seq=66 vol. 5, preface p. lxii].Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. ''Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005-1625.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1899), [https://archive.org/stream/scottishkingsre00dunbuoft#page/192/mode/1up p. 192] d. 20 Mar 1465
*[[Stewart-1861|Eleanor Stewart]]; m. 8 Sep 1448/9 [[Sigismund-1|Sigismund von Tirol]], duke of Austria;Douglas Richardson. ''Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families,'' 5 vols, ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), vol. 1, p. 600, BRUS 12.vii. Eleanor Stewart. d. 20 Nov 1480
*[[Stewart-1854|Annabelle Stewart]]; m(1) [[Savoie-1198|Louis de Savoie]], count of Geneva;Burnett, George (ed). ''Rotuli Scaccarii Regum Scotorum'' (Exchequer Rolls of Scotland). Edinburgh: General Register House (1882), vol. 5 (1437-1454), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d004665126&view=1up&seq=66 vol. 5, preface p. lxii].Douglas Richardson. ''Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families,'' 5 vols, ed. Kimball G. Everingham (Salt Lake City: the author, 2013), vol. 1, pp. 660-661BRUS 12.viii. Annabelle Stewart m(2) bef. 10 Mar 1459 [[Gordon-618|George Gordon]], 2nd earl of HuntlyPaul, James Balfour. ''The Scots Peerage.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1907), [https://archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun04pauluoft#page/528/mode/1up vol. 4, pp. 528-529].
===Death===After his last parliament in Edinburgh late in 1436, James and his queen went with their court to Perth to stay through the Christmas holiday at the cloister of the Blackfriars.Burnett, George (ed). ''Rotuli Scaccarii Regum Scotorum'' (Exchequer Rolls of Scotland). Edinburgh: General Register House (1880), [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Rotuli_Scaccarii_Regum_Scotorum/Ke4_AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 vol. 4,preface p cxx-cxxi]. There, on 20 February 1437, it is said that he spent the evening with friends reading poetry, listening to music, and playing chess.MacKenzie, Agnes Mure. ''The Rise of the Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd Ltd. (1935), pp. 181-183. Around midnight the gathering broke up and the king remained, talking with his wife and some of her women, when armed assassins stormed into the room, breaking the arm of one of the women who tried to bar the door, wounding the queen twice as she tried to protect her husband, and stabbing the king at least thirteen times in the chest.Sandford, Francis (Lancaster Herald of Arms). ''A Genealogical History of the Kings of England.'' Thomas Newcomb, printer (1677), [https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhist00sand/page/316/mode/1up p. 316].Henderson, Thomas Finlayson. ''The Royal Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons (1914), p. 43 The fatal blows were struck by Sir Robert Graham, the uncle and former guardian of Malise Graham (whom James had stripped of the earldom of Strathearn at the beginning of his reign). His co-conspirators were James's uncle, Walter Stewart, earl of Athol, and Athol's grandson Sir Robert Stewart, both descendants of Euphemia Ross and conceivably heirs to the throne after James and his young son.Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. ''Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005-1625.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1899), [https://archive.org/stream/scottishkingsre00dunbuoft#page/19/0mode/1up p. 190]. If the conspirators believed they would be seen as saviours for murdering the king who had fought to rein in the power of the nobles, and that a parliament would happily elevate either Athol or his grandson to the throne, they were mistaken. There was no joy at the death of the king, and no uprising on behalf of Athol. Instead the conspirators were hunted down within a month and brutally tortured, then executed.
James I was buried in the convent of the Carthusians, at Perth.Henderson, Thomas Finlayson. ''The Royal Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons (1914), p. 44 His heart was sent on a pilgrimage to the East and returned six years later by a knight of St John. James I changed the course of Scotland's history by breaking the power of ancient feudal traditions, instituting laws to protect the common people, and (forceably) putting an end to the constant warring among the nobility. King James's most fitting tribute may have been made by the historian Drummond, who later wrote that "...while the nation made his predecessors kings, he made Scotland a nation."
==Research Notes==
:::'''James's Date of Birth'''*James's birth is listed as December 1394 by James Balfour Paul, although he does not provide a source for this.Paul, James Balfour. ''The Scots Peerage.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1904), [https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun01paul/page/18/mode/1up vol. 1, p. 18]. December 1394 is also the date given by historian Sir Archibald Dunbar, citing the ''Scotichron.'', ii. 487, bk. xvi. c.14, par. 2 as proof that the month of December was correct.Dunbar, Sir Archibald H. ''Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005-1625.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1899), [https://archive.org/stream/scottishkingsre00dunbuoft#page/182/mode/1up p. 182]. Regretfully, the ''Scotichron'' has not yet been digitally transcribed and the accuracy of this information could not be checked. The ''Exchequer Rolls of Scotland'' record only the year (1394) of James's birth. Douglas Richardson identifies James's birth date as July 1394, citing as evidence a letter written by Queen Annabella to Richard II from Dunfermline Abbey in 1394 and dated "le premier jour d'Auoust [August 1], in which she mentions her recent recovery from giving birth to her son James.Brown, J.T.T. ''Authorship of the 'Kingis Quair,''' Transactions of the Glasgow Archeological Society n.s.3 (1899), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044090332016&view=1up&seq=164 page 130, footnote 2]. This letter is in the collection of the National Manuscripts of Scotland. Accordingly, lacking proof otherwise, July 1394 is the date used in this profile.
== Sources ==
:See Also:*Bain, Joseph. ''Notes on a Dispensation for the Marriage of Johanna Beaufort with the Black Knight of Lorn.'' Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 16 (1881-2), [http://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/view/6009/5979 pp. 169-175].
*Baker, George. ''History and Antiquities of the County of Northampton.'' London: John Bowyer (1822-30), [https://archive.org/details/HistoryAndAntiquitiesOfTheCountyOfNorthamptonBakerVol1/page/n57/mode/1up vol. 1, p. 56]. (Beaufort ped. showing Joan m. James Stewart)
*Banks, T.C. ''Dormant and Extinct Baronage of England.'' London: J. White (1837), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002667023&view=1up&seq=437 vol. 4, pp. 421-422].
*Birch, W. de G. ''Catalogue of Seals in the....British Museum.'' London: the Trustees (1895), vol. 4, pp. 16-17, [https://archive.org/details/catalogueofseals04brit/page/16/mode/1up James I].
*Birch, W. de G. ''Catalogue of Seals in the....British Museum.'' London: the Trustees (1895), vol. 4, pp. 37-38, [https://archive.org/details/catalogueofseals04brit/page/37/mode/1up Joan Beaufort].
*Cawley, Charles. ''Medieval Lands, Scotland, Kings.'' Foundation for Medieval Genealogy: Medieval Lands database, chapter 6, [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#_Toc253996210 Stewart].
*Great Britain. Royal Commision on Historical Manuscripts. ''Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts.'' London: H.M.S.O. (1877), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=msu.31293104003722&view=1up&seq=717 vol. 6, p. 691]. (charter of Joan, Queen of Scots, dated 1435)
*Hardy, Thomas Duffus. ''Syllabus of the Documents Relating to England and Other Kingdoms Contained in 'Rymer's Foedera'.'' London: Longmans, Green (1873), vol. 2, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo1.ark:/13960/t1qf98c16&view=1up&seq=238 p. 640]. (28 Jan 1424:"warrant for delivery of 24 L. to the K. of Scotland for a cloth of gold for his marriage"; 5 Feb 1424: release of 10,000 marks to the K. of Scotland, who is about to marry Joan, daughter of the late earl of Somerset")
*Johnston, G. Harvey. ''The Heraldry of the Stewarts.'' Edinburgh: W. & A.K. Johnston (1908), p. 10 (ped.); p. 16 (arms), [https://deriv.nls.uk/dcn23/9558/95587188.23.pdf available online].
*Kennedy, Matthew. ''A Chronological Genealogical and Historical Dissertation of the Royal Family of the Stuarts.'' Paris: Lewis Coignard Printer (1705), pp. 208-209.
*Paul, James Balfour. ''The Scots Peerage.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1904), [https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun01paul/page/440/mode/1up vol. 1, pp. 440-441]. (Stewart, earl of Atholl)
*Paul, James Balfour. ''The Scots Peerage.'' Edinburgh: D. Douglas (1908), [https://archive.org/details/scotspeeragefoun05paul/page/2/mode/1up vol. 5, pp. 2-3]. (Stewart, Lord Innermeath)
*Richardson, Douglas. ''Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families'', 4 vols., ed. Kimball G. Everingham. 2nd edition. Salt Lake City, UT: the author, 2011. See also WikiTree's source page for [[Space:Magna_Carta_Ancestry|''Magna Carta Ancestry'']].
*Richardson, Douglas. ''Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families'', 5 vols., ed. Kimball G. Everingham. Salt Lake City, UT: the author, 2013. See also WikiTree's source page for [[Space:Royal_Ancestry|''Royal Ancestry'']]
*Rogers, Charles. ''Poetical Remains of King James I of Scotland, with a Memoir...'' Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, vol. 2 (1873), pp. 297-392 ([https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/transactions-of-the-royal-historical-society/volume/D4E7CB1FDC6559A82B26E3DA39044995 pay per view]).
*Wall, Arnold (ed). ''Handbook of the Maude Roll.'' Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs (1919), unpaginated by found near Henry III (lvii), [https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/canterburyroll/Downloads/Wall%20Handbook%20to%20the%20Maude%20Roll%20(1919).pdf Johanna, regina Scotie].
* Wikipedia: [[Wikipedia:James_I_of_Scotland|James I of Scotland]]
== Acknowledgements ==Click the Changes tab to see edits to this profile. Thank you to everyone who contributed to this profile.
=== Magna Carta Project ===
}:This profile was updated by [[Stevens-17832|Jen Hutton]] for the Magna Carta and Scotland Projects in November-December 2020 and approved for the Magna Carta Project by [[Cayley-55|Michael Cayley]] on 10 December 2020.
:James I of Scotland appears in 2011's ''Magna Carta Ancestry'' in a Richardson-documented trail from [[:Category:Gateway Ancestors|Gateway Ancestor]] [[Houston-1467|Patrick Houston]] to [[:Category:Surety Barons|Magna Carta Surety Barons]] [[Clare-673|Gilbert de Clare]] and [[Clare-651|Richard de Clare]] (''[[Space:Magna Carta Ancestry|Magna Carta Ancestry]],'' vol. II, pages 403-407 HOUSTON; see also ''[[Space:Royal Ancestry|Royal Ancestry]],'' vol. I, page 589 BRUS 6, I:656 BRUS 12). The [[Project:Magna Carta|Magna Carta Project]] also identified this profile in trails between Patrick Houston and surety barons [[Bigod-1|Hugh le Bigod]] and [[Bigod-2|Roger le Bigod]]. These trails have not yet been developed by the Project and are set out in the [[Houston-1467#Magna Carta Trails|Magna Carta Trails]] section of the Gateway's profile.
: This profile is managed by the Scotland Project. The profile is not currently in a badged Magna Carta trail and has not been developed against the [[Space:Magna_Carta_Project_Checklist|Magna Carta Project Checklist]] to bring it up to current Project standards. ~ [[Noland-165|Noland-165]] 03:00, 22 August 2020 (UTC)
: See [[Space:Magna_Carta_Team_Base_Camp|Base Camp]] for more information about identified Magna Carta trails and their status. See the [[Space:Magna Carta Project Glossary|Magna Carta Project Glossary]] for Project-specific terms, such as a "badged trail".
Events
| Birth | 25 Jul 1394 | Dumferline Palace, Dumfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland | |||
| Birth | 25 Jul 1394 | Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland | |||
| Birth | 25 Jul 1394 | Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland | |||
| Marriage | Feb 1424 | St. Andrew's, Fifeshire, Scotland - Joan Beaufort | |||
| Marriage | 2 Feb 1424 | Priory Church, St. Mary Overy, Southwark, Surrey, London, England - Joan Beaufort | |||
| Death | 21 Feb 1437 | Perth, Perthshire, Scotland | |||
| Death | 21 Feb 1437 | Monastery of the Friars Preachers, Perth, Perthshire, Scotland | |||
| Christen | 17 Dec 1566 | Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom | |||
| Alt name | James "The Black Knight" Stewart I | ||||
| Alt name | James Stewart | ||||
| Reference No | 435964 | ||||
| Reference No | 452022 | ||||
| Reference No | 60 | ||||
| Burial | Perth Abbey, Perth, Perth and Kinross, Scotland | ||||
| Residence |
Families
| Spouse | Joan Beaufort (1404 - 1445) |
| Child | Annabella "Princess of Scotland" Stewart (1432 - 1509) |
| Child | Annabella "Princess of Scotland" Stewart (1435 - 1509) |
| Child | James Stewart (1430 - 1460) |
| Child | Mary Stewart ( - 1465) |
| Child | Margaret Stewart (1424 - 1445) |
| Child | Isabella "Elizabeth, Isabel" Stewart (1426 - 1498) |
| Child | Joan Stewart (1428 - 1493) |
| Child | Eleanor Stewart (1429 - 1480) |
| Child | Alexander Stewart (1430 - ) |
| Father | John "King of Scotland, Earl of Carrick, Earl of Atholl" Stewart (1337 - 1406) |
| Mother | Annabella "Queen of Scotland" Drummond (1350 - 1401) |
| Sibling | Elisabeth "Lady Elizabeth Dalkeith, Beatrice" Stewart (1362 - 1411) |
| Sibling | Margaret Stewart (1370 - 1456) |
| Sibling | David "Duke of Rothesay" Stewart (1378 - 1402) |
| Sibling | Lady Mary "Marjory" Stewart (1380 - 1457) |
| Sibling | Robert Stewart (1383 - 1406) |
| Sibling | Egidia Stewart (1390 - ) |