Individual Details
Edward I "Longshanks, Hammer O'Westminster" PLANTAGENET King
(17 Jun 1239 - 7 Jul 1307)
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd enjoyed an advantageous situation in the aftermath of the Barons' War. Through the 1267 Treaty of Montgomery, he officially obtained land he had conquered in the Four Cantrefs of Perfeddwlad and was recognised in his title of Prince of Wales. Armed conflicts nevertheless continued, in particular with certain dissatisfied Marcher Lords, such as the earl of Gloucester, Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford. Problems were exacerbated when Llywelyn's younger brother Dafydd and Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn of Powys, after failing in an assassination attempt against Llywelyn, defected to the English in 1274. Citing ongoing hostilities and the English king's harbouring of his enemies, Llywelyn refused to do homage to Edward.
Edward I is credited with many accomplishments during his reign, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III, establishing parliament as a permanent institution and thereby also a functional system for raising taxes, and reforming the law through statutes. At the same time, he is also often criticised for other actions, such as his brutal conduct towards the Scots, and issuing the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, by which the Jews were expelled from England. The Edict remained in effect for the rest of the Middle Ages, and it would be over 350 years until it was formally overturned in 1656.
Edward I is credited with many accomplishments during his reign, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III, establishing parliament as a permanent institution and thereby also a functional system for raising taxes, and reforming the law through statutes. At the same time, he is also often criticised for other actions, such as his brutal conduct towards the Scots, and issuing the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, by which the Jews were expelled from England. The Edict remained in effect for the rest of the Middle Ages, and it would be over 350 years until it was formally overturned in 1656.
Events
| Birth | 17 Jun 1239 | Westminster Palace, London, Middlesex, England |  | ||
| Death | 7 Jul 1307 | Burgh By Sands, Cumberland, England | |
Families
| Spouse | Eleanor Leonor DE CASTILE (1241 - 1290) |
| Child | Joan ACRE (1272 - 1307) |
| Child | Eliszabeth PLANTAGENET Princess England (1282 - ) |
| Father | Henry III PLANTAGENET King England (1207 - 1272) |
| Mother | Eleanor BERENGIER Comtesse de Provence (1217 - 1291) |
| Sibling | Edmond "Crouchback" PLANTAGENET Prince England, Earl Lancaster (1243 - 1296) |